Communities of Practice

Cheerful colleagues with laptop sitting on floor

Communities of Practice

Note that the reader might best be served to first read the
topic Group Dynamics to understand the basic nature
of most groups and their typical stages of development. (It’s
not clear at this time if online groups have similar nature and
stages.)

Simply put, Communities of Practice are voluntary groups where
members share a common priority (a problem, topic, etc.) and enhance
their learning by interacting on an ongoing basis. Groups usually
are informal and not part of an overall organization.

Sections of This Topic Include

Basics and Overviews
Starting CoPs
Some Applications
General Resources

Also consider
Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Communities of Practice

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which
have posts related to Communities of Practice. Scan down the blog’s page to
see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the
sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in
the blog.

Library’s
Leadership Blog

Library’s
Supervision Blog

Library’s
Team Performance Blog


Basics and Overviews

Communities of Practice
— a Brief Introduction

Communities
of Practice — Definition and Elements

Communities
of Practice (Wikipedia)

Communities of Practice
– An Overview

Communities
of Practice

Starting CoPs

A Startup Kit
Starting a Community of Practice (fostering relationships)
Community of Practice: Start Up Kit
Establishing
a Community of Practice to Enhance TTA

Some Applications

A
Social Aspect to Virtual Worlds

General Resources

Fred Nickols’ list
of resources


Facilitation Library

CoP Resources
Tania Jarosewich on Evaluating Communities of
Practice


For the Category of Facilitation and Teams:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may
want to review some related topics, available from the link below.
Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been
selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

Recommended Books


Effective Committees

Cheerful-young-business-team-satisfied-with-launch-project

How to Accomplish Effective Committees

Sections of This Topic Include

How to Increase Attendance and Participation in Committees
Additional Perspectives on Effective Committees

Also consider
Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Effective Committees

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which
have posts related to effective committees. Scan down the blog’s page to see
various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the
blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.

Library’s Leadership
Blog

Library’s Supervision
Blog

Library’s Team Performance
Blog


Note that the reader might best be served to first read the topic Group
Dynamics
to understand the basic nature of most groups and their typical
stages of development. (It’s not clear at this time if online groups have similar
nature and stages.)

How To Increase Attendance and Participation in Committees

To increase attendance and/or participation in committee meetings, consider
some or all of the following:

  • Ensure committee chairs understand and can convey the role of the committee
    to members, and that the chair and members have up-to-date job descriptions.
  • Ensure adequate orientation that describes the organization and its unique
    services, and how the committee contributes to this mission.
  • Remember that the organization and its committees deserve strong attendance
    and participation. Don’t fall prey to the perspective that “we’re lucky
    just get anyone.” Set a standard for the best.
  • Have ground rules that support participation and attendance. Revisit the
    ground rules every other meeting and post them on the bottom of agendas.
  • Let go of “dead wood.” It often help to decrease the number of
    committee members rather than increase them.
  • Consider using subcommittees to increase individual responsibilities and
    focus on goals.
  • Conduct yearly committee evaluations that includes a clear evaluation process
    and where each committee member evaluates the other members, and each member
    receives a written report about their strengths and how they can improve their
    contributions.
  • Attempt to provide individual assignments to the committee members.
  • Have at least one staff member participate in each committee to help with
    administrative support and providing information.
  • For board of director’s committees, monitor quorum requirements for the
    entire board (as set forth usually in ByLaws), or the minimum number of board
    members who must be present for the board to officially enact business. This
    quorum, when not met, will serve as a clear indicator, or signal, that the
    board is in trouble.
  • Develop a committee attendance policy that specifies the number of times
    a member can be absent in consecutive meetings and in total meetings per time
    period.
  • Generate minutes for each committee meeting to get closure on items and
    help members comprehend the progress made by the committee.
  • In committee meeting reports, include noting who is present and who is absent.
  • Consider having low-attendance members involved in some other form of service
    to the organization, e.g., a “friends of the organization,” or something
    like that, who attends to special events rather than ongoing activities.
  • Have a “summit meeting” with committee members to discuss the
    low attendance problem, and use a round-table approach so each person must
    speak up with their opinions.
  • Rotate in new members every year.

Additional Perspectives on Effective Committees

Facilitation Library
Best Practice Advice for Committees
Building
Successful Boards Committees

Ideas to Generate Participation in Committees
Effective Committees

Also consider
Action Learning
Board Committees
Committees
Communities of Practice
Conflict
Management

Dialoguing
Facilitation
Focus Groups
Group Coaching
Group Dynamics
(about nature of groups, stages of group development, etc)

Group Learning
Group-Based
Problem Solving and Decision Making

Large-Scale
Interventions

Meeting Management
Open Space
Technology

Self-Directed
and Self-Managed Work Teams

Team Building
Training and Development
Virtual Teams


For the Category of Facilitation and Teams:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

Recommended Books


Team Performance Management: Performance Appraisal / Evaluation Phase

Team Performance Management: Performance Appraisal / Evaluation Phase

© Copyright Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, Authenticity Consulting, LLC. Adapted
from the Field Guide to Leadership and Supervision in Business and
Field Guide to Leadership and Supervision for Nonprofit Staff.

Strongly Suggested Pre-Reading

Team Performance Management: Performance Planning Phase


Approaches to Doing Team Performance Appraisal

As in our description of team performance planning, we will continue with our example of the IT Department. So at this point in our example, a performance plan has already been developed for the team.

9. Conduct ongoing observations and measurements to track performance.
The team’s supervisor would monitor the percentage of uptime of the computers.

  • In a progressive approach, this would also occur, and any indications that performance was not at the preferred level (as collaboratively decided by the supervisor, team and internal customers) would promptly be discussed with the team.
  • In a more traditional approach, an objective assessment tool would be used to evaluate the performance of the team. Here are a variety of online assessment tools. The progressive approach might combine an online tool with the supervisor’s monitoring.

10. Exchange ongoing feedback about performance. Feedback is information relevant to how well results are being achieved. Useful feedback is timely, feasible and understood. Ideally, feedback addresses the key activities to improve or reinforce performance. Usually, the larger the number of sources sharing feedback, the more accurate is the depiction of the team’s activities. In our example, the team’s supervisor and the lead member of the team, as well as key contacts in the internal customers’ areas, would regularly share feedback about the quality of uptime.

11. Conduct a performance appraisal (sometimes called a performance review).
A performance appraisal (or review) includes documentation of desired results, standards of performance, progress toward achieving the results, how well they were achieved, examples indicating achievement, suggestions to improve performance and how those suggestions can be followed. Traditionally, there is an annual meeting to discuss the appraisal.

In our example, the appraisal should include input from the supervisor of the team and key personnel from the internal customers served by the IT Department.

  • In a progressive approach, performance review documentation and meetings would occur more than once a year in order to remain relevant to any changes in the goals of the organization, customers and team. Any review meetings would not include any surprises for team members, as any concerns about performance would have been addressed as soon as they occurred.

12. If performance meets or exceeds the desired performance standards, then reward the team for their performance. In our example, the team members may get a letter of recognition, increased compensation or a promotion.

Next, see Team Performance Management: Development Planning Phase.


Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Performance Appraisals for Employees, Teams, Processes and Organizations

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which have posts related to Appraisals for Employees, Teams, Processes and Organizations. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.


For the Category of Performance Management:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.


How to Design Agendas for Meetings

How to Design Agendas for Meetings

Copyright Carter
McNamara, Authenticity Consulting, LLC

Basic Advice for Developing Standard Meeting Agendas

Advice about designing agendas ranges from simple and straightforward to psychologically-based
analysis of how people assemble, participate and learn from meetings. The following
articles were selected for advice and samples for the most common and standard
meeting formats.

How to Construct a
Killer Meeting Agenda That is Simple and Effective (a good starter article)
7 Steps
to The Perfect Meeting Agenda
How
to Develop an Effective Meeting Agenda
How
to Write a Meeting Agenda: 5 Items You Should Always Include
How to Write
an Agenda for a Meeting
The Meeting
Agenda Sample That’ll Help You Run Productive and Efficient Meetings
Effective
Meeting Agendas with Examples

Templates for Drafting Standard Meeting Agendas

Agendas
Templates
from SmartSheet
Templates from Template.net
Google
Docs template

Also consider
Board
Meeting Agendas
Board Meeting
Minutes

Facilitating
Conflict

Meetings
Team
Evaluation
Team Members
Team
Role

Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Group Performance

In addition to the articles on this current page, also see the following blogs
that have posts related to Group Performance. Scan down the blog’s page to see
various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar
of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.
The blog also links to numerous free related resources.

Library’s
Leadership Blog

Library’s Supervision Blog
Library’s
Team Performance Blog


For the Category of Facilitation and Teams:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may
want to review some related topics, available from the link below.
Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been
selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

Recommended Books


Websites with Many Free Resources for Nonprofits and For-Profits

Woman-checking-out-free-design-resources-website

Supersites: Websites with Many Free Resources for Nonprofits and For-Profits

Assembled by Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD

If you want to add a new link now to a site that provides a
large amount of free, online resources about a wide range of management
topics, please first read the short section “Add to Library”
referenced from the sidebar.

For-Profits and Nonprofits
Nonprofit-Specific Sites


Various Supersites With Information for For-Profits

The following sources provide a wide range of articles. Remember
that the vast majority of for-profit management practices also
apply to nonprofits. Exceptions are managing volunteers, doing
fundraising, having volunteer Boards of Directors, and certain
financial management practices. (Nonprofit-specific supersites
are listed later on below.)

Recommended Links

Fred
Nickols articles

SBA: Small
Business Administration Home Page

Additional Links

About.com’s listing of many management-related links
All Business.com
Ask an Expert
Better Business Bureau Resource
Library

Big Dog’s Bowl of
Biscuits – training – coffee – reference – leadership

BusinessBalls
Business
Improvement Articles

Business.com
Business Resource Center
CEOExpress
Dave Kahle
Free Sales Training Articles

Don Clark’s list of many resources
Edward Lowe Foundation
Entrenrepeurship.org
Fast Company
Librarians
Internet Index
Office Depot Small Business Resource Center
Operations, Statistics,
Strategy
QuickMBA
SCORE – Service Corps Of
Retired Executives

Small Business Advisor – helping
small and home based businesses

Small Business Home Office
advice assistance – BusinessTown

Total Business.com
Work911.com
U.S. Federal
Government Agencies


Various Supersites With Nonprofit-Specific Information

The following sources provide a wide range of articles in regard
to nonprofit organizations. Remember that the vast majority of
nonprofit management practices also apply to for-profits. For-profits
focus on generating profit and nonprofits on meeting a need in
society; however, many nonprofits have to pay very close attention
to the financial bottom line, as much as for-profits. Some differences
are that nonprofits attend specifically to fundraising to donors,
manage volunteers, and engage in public policy and lobbying (although
many for-profits also engage in public policy and lobbying).

Association
Expertise, Inc.

AXI Resources
Bridgespan Group: Nonprofit
Strategy Consulting, Executive Search and Philanthropy Advising

FirstGov
Nonprofit Gateway

Help4Nonprofits
National Alliance for
Nonprofit Organizations

Nonprofit Expert.com
Nonprofit Quarterly (subscribe
to the Newswire)



Online Reference Materials (Dictionaries, etc.)

Young lady using a laptop

Reference Materials (Dictionaries, etc.)

If you want to add a new link to an item of reference material, please read the short section “Add to Library” referenced from the sidebar.

Types of Reference Materials On This Page Include the Following

Also consider


Acronym and Jargon Finders

Dictionaries

E-mail Address Books

Encyclopedias

Glossaries

Language Translation

Library

On-Line Sources to Get Up-to-Date National and International News

Media “Watchdogs”

Business News

World News

USA, including international focus

Phone Books

Quotations (general)

Reference “Desks” (sites with multiple types of reference information)

Thesaurus

Internet Searches



Online Reference Materials (Dictionaries, etc.)

Person using a laptop placed on the desk

Online Reference Materials (Dictionaries, etc.)

If you want to add a new link to an item of reference
material, please read the short section “Add to Library” referenced from the sidebar.

Types of Reference Materials On This Page Include the Following

Acronym and Jargon Finders
Dictionaries
E-Mail Address Books
Encyclopedias
Internet Searches
Glossaries
Language Translators
Libraries
News
Manual of Styles (APA, Chicago,
etc.)

Phone Books
Quotations
Reference “Desks” (sites with multiple types of reference
information)
Thesaurus


Acronym and Jargon Finders

Acronym Finder
another Acronym Finder
Computer and Internet Acronyms

Dictionaries

Online Dictionaries
18 – Online specialized dictionaries
American Heritage Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary
Accounting, Business Studies and Economics Dictionary for Students

E-mail Address Books

Large Email Directories
Finding Email Addresses on the Web

Encyclopedias

Wikipedia
Encyclopedia Britannica Online
The Canadian Encyclopedia
An I.T. encyclopedia

Glossaries

Glossary of Business
Terms A-Z

Business Thesaurus Glossary

Language Translation

Google Translate
Free Online Language Translator
Free Translation Online

Library

lib-web-cats
(includes access to 4,000 libraries)

On-Line Sources to Get Up-to-Date National and International News

Media “Watchdogs”

Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting
News from around the World
Media Research Center
Media Matters for American

Business News

New York Times Business News
Wall Street Journal
CNN Money
Forbes Financial
Bloomberg News
Business Wire
Business Week

World News

BBC World News
CNN World News
New York Times World News
MSNBC World News

USA, including international focus

Reuters (with focus on financial and business news)
CNN
Google News
ABC News
USA Today
NSNBC News
CBS News

Phone Books

Telephone Directories on the Web, Phone Books,
White Pages, Yellow Pages

International Telephone Directory
Switchboard for US and Canada

Quotations (general)

Creative Quotations
Quoteland.com
Quotations Page
Creativity Quotes

Reference “Desks” (sites with multiple types of reference information)

Reference Desk
CWL Publishing Enterprises
Online Reference Desk
used to be the Ask Dr. Jeeves and now has a new face

Thesaurus

Merriam Webster thesaurus
Getty
Thesaurus of Geographic Names

Thesaurus (an Ask.com service)

Internet Searches

Google
DuckDuckGo
Search Engine Watch
International Directory of Search Engines
Base Bones 101 — Basic Tutorial on Searching the Web
25 Free People Search Engines to Find Anyone



Join / Form Peer Learning Group

Group of People Watching on Laptop

Join / Form Peer Learning Group

One of the most powerful and low-cost (even free) sources of
help is a peer learning group. You might join a current group
or form your own group — often, it’s much easier than you think.

Members in a group are considered to be peers because each
is equal in helping themselves and others to share ongoing support,
feedback, materials and accountability to get things done –and
learn at the same time.

Group members can meet face-to-face or by means of telecommunications
(via phone, email, Web, etc.). Also, members often can schedule
their own meetings and where those meetings will be held.

The format and process used by the peer group depends on the
purpose of the group, whether it be for goal attainment, problem
solving, training, support or networking. For example, peer groups
might be discussion groups, study groups or peer coaching groups.

Often, the best groups are small in size (6-10 members), keep
has the same members in each meeting, use a standard agenda, and
meet for a few hours at least once a month. Someone from outside
the group can be assigned to facilitate or all groups members
can take responsibility for facilitating. Some groups might decide
to have a different group member facilitate each meeting.

The following links are to additional resources about peer
learning, including about the many benefits, where you can learn
more, how to choose the best program, some organizations that
provide peer learning programs, and materials from which you could
form your own peer learning group.

Sections in This Topic Include the Following

Benefits of Peer Learning
Learn More About Peer Learning
Peer Learning Groups and Programs
Form Your Own Peer Learning Group
General Resources About Groups

Also consider
Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blog Related to This Topic

In addition to the articles on this current page, also see the following blog that has posts related to this topic. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog. The blog also links to numerous free related resources.

Library’s Team Performance Blog


Benefits of Peer Learning

What
is Peer Learning? Why is Peer Learning So Popular Today? (read
the top sections on this page)

Joining
Forces — Entrepreneurial Peer Groups

Peer
Business Advisor Groups Ease the Pressure of Ownership

Peer Learning

Learn More About Peer Learning

Various
Forms of Peer Learning (one-page depiction)

Action
Learning and Peer Learning Programs (some theory, principles,
etc.)

Peer Learning

Peer Learning Groups and Programs

Authenticity
Circles (peer coaching groups)

Create
a Personal Board of Directors

Creating
Your Own Personal Board of Directors

Form Your Own Peer Group

To form your own group, first think about the purpose or application
of the group. Usually, there are two major different kinds of
groups:
1) Those where all members learn about the same topic or skill
(training groups), for example, around a common topic in the Free
Management Library.
2) Those where members address the same problem/goal or each addresses
their own (coaching groups). For example, Tom works on strategic
planning, Susan works on time management, Jack works on career
development, etc.

In a training group, you would gather any 6-8 people who are
interested in the same topic or skill. In a coaching group, you
would gather 6-8 people, ideally who have similar roles or positions
in their life and/or work.

To Find People in Your Locale (for Face-to-Face Meetings)

The following link is to a free online service that helps you
locate people with similar interests in your geographic area.
First, you join the service (they don’t share your information
and use it for marketing). Then you can use the service to join
or form a group of people in your area.

Meet Up
Craigs List About Sites

To Join or Form Internet/Web-Based Groups

One of the most popular online forums is the Yahoo groups.
The groups are free and the Yahoo group software provides a wide
range of functionality for members. There’s already a vast range
of established groups you can consider joining, or you can use
the software to start your own group.

Yahoo groups

General Resources About Groups

The following link is to a wide variety of types of groups
and includes information about facilitation, as well.
Group
Skills


For the Category of Peer Learning (Facilitation and Teams):

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

Recommended Books


Online Sources of Jobs

Man looking for job through online sources

Job Banks

(for-profit and nonprofit)

The following links are to job banks, that is, to sites that
list many job openings.

If you want to add a new link now to a job bank, please first
read the short section “Add to Library” referenced from
the sidebar.

Sections in This Topic Include the Following

For-Profit and Nonprofit Job Banks
Nonprofit-Specific Job Banks

Also consider
Career
Advancement

Career
Change

Career
Planning and Management

Personal
Development

Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blog Related to This Topic

In addition to the articles on this current page, also see
the following blogs that have posts related to this topic. Scan
down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the
sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog. The blog also links to
numerous free related resources.

Library’s
Career Management Blog


For-Profit and Nonprofit Job Banks

Canadian government’s
job bank

Career Builder.com
Careers in
Business

Executive, Management
Jobs
For-profit web
page with prior month’s listings for non-subscribers

Indeed’s job bank
Jobs.com
Monster.comZip
Recruiter
Zip job bank


Nonprofit-Specific Job Banks

Recommended Links

Nonprofit Jobs.org
Nonprofit Jobs Coop
Chronicle of Philanthropy,
foundation and development positions from their print edition

Minnesota
Council of Nonprofits
Top
Seven Websites for Nonprofit Jobs

Additional Links

Asia/US Exchange Program
Featured Nonprofit
Jobs

Indeed jobs
Nonprofit Jobs
Opportunity Knocks.org
Philanthropy Careers
Social Service.com

The 7 Top Websites For Nonprofit Jobs
24 Nonprofit Job Boards For Finding Employment!
Indeeds job list

Thanks to Lisa Macey Klevenz (lisa@ChildAdvocacy.org) for the following listing.
ACCESS: Network in the
Public Interest

Association for Public Policy
Analysis and Management

Execs, association jobs at a variety of levels

Can search Bay area nonprofit
openings
CEO Update sells
subscriptions for national registry of ceo level jobs
Chicago-based nonprofit jobs
and volunteering

Chronicle of Higher Education, higher education jobs that; appear in their print
edition
Coalition on Human Needs,
many DC-based policy openings

Community Career Center,
resume posting and career; services available
Community of more than
150 global justice jobs
Council for Advancement and
Support of Education, management; ranks at higher ed. institutions

Council on Foundations, openings
at foundations at all levels; (More extensive list for searchers who are members)

Essential Home with Good
Works job pages

Families USA, human services
and advocacy job bank

Federal jobs
HandsNet’s Webclipper
provides a job board and a 30 day free; trial membership

Harvard
Law Office of Public Interest Advising

Job-Applications.com

Legal Services of New Jersey
LinkUp Job Search Engine
National Parks and Conservation
Association

Nonprofit Times, national
listings

Opportunity Nocs,
fee-based job listing service

Philanthropy Journal
Online, foundation and development listings

Management Information Exchange,
administrative and management; positions in legal services offices
National listings
and links for social worker positions

Union Jobs Clearinghouse,
openings nationwide

San Francisco area ($45
charge for job listings, for profit and nonprofit)