Jobs and Career Development

Two professionals having a handshake

Jobs and Career Development

Businesses used to partner with employees to carry out employees’
career planning and development. Times have changed. Now, businesses
are coming to view career development primarily as the employee’s
responsibility. If you are concerned about your career, as you
should be during these turbulent economic times, then take complete
ownership of it.

Where do you want to be one, three, five or ten years from
now? Do you have an action plan to get there? What career options
are there for you to get greater challenge, variety or personal
satisfaction? How well do you leverage your strengths and networks
to advance your career? Are you using the latest job search strategies
so that you can stand out from the crowd? In other words, how
well do you manage your career?

The following major categories of information will provide
you with answers to these and other career development questions
so that you will be in the driver’s seat of your professional
and managerial life
— Marcia Zidle

Sections of This Topic Include (in order they’re
typically used)

Career
Advancement (and Your Relationship With Your Boss)

Career
Change

Career
Planning

Dress
for Success

Networking
Job
Satisfaction

Job
Searching

Resumes
Interviewing
for a Job

Social
Networking (Online)

Job
Banks

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Jobs and Career Development

In addition to the articles on this current page, also see the following blogs
that have posts related to Jobs and Career Development. Scan down the blog’s
page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts”
in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a
post in the blog. The blog also links to numerous free related resources.

Library’s
Career Management Blog

Library’s
Human Resources Blog

Library’s
Coaching Blog


For the Category of Career Development:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may
want to review some related topics, available from the link below.
Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been
selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

Recommended Books


How to Look for a Job

Man looking for job through online sources

How to Look for a Job

Sections of This Topic Include

Also consider
Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Looking for a Job

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which have posts related to Looking for a Job. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.


9 Effective Job Search Strategies: You Never Know When You’ll Need Them

© Copyright Marcia Zidle

Searching for a new job is hard work. In fact, it can be the toughest “job” you’ll ever have.

That’s why the key to job search success is treating the entire process like a business. You are currently in the “job hunting” business. Like any successful business, you need a plan that has goals and strategies to guide you. Otherwise you’re just flapping your wings getting no where. Jump-start your next job search with these seven job-hunting strategies:

1. Know what you’re selling.

Begin your job search by taking a thorough inventory of your interests, skills, accomplishments, experience, goals, and values. Make a detailed list. The key to a successful job search is recognizing what makes you a unique candidate and communicating this effectively to a prospective employer, both verbally and in writing.

2. Aim for the right target.

Try to match your skills, interests, and values with the right career choice. If one of your goals is to get a larger salary, don’t focus on career paths that traditionally pay low salaries. Do some research. Learn about different companies that interest you and target those that are more likely to have open positions.

3. Be assertive and proactive.

Don’t wait around for opportunity to come knocking on your door. While cold calling on potential employers can be intimidating, it remains a powerful strategy. It’s important to get through the door first, before your competition.

4. Do some sleuthing.

One key is understanding the “hidden” job market. Many job openings exist only in the minds of directors, vice presidents, and other company bigwigs long before the job is finally advertised in newspapers or on the Internet. If you can present yourself as the perfect candidate at this early stage, an employer may snap you up without looking elsewhere.

5. Work your network.

Networking should be at the center of your job search strategy. Get the word out to friends, trusted colleagues, and even relatives that you are actively looking for a job, and ask them to keep their eyes and ears open for any opportunities. Expand your network by joining professional organizations, signing up for job search newsletters and e-mail blasts, contacting former professors and classmates, and by participating in Internet discussion boards.

6. Get professional help.

Employment agencies come in all shapes, sizes, and price ranges, and they can be an excellent resource for job leads. Some specialize in very specific occupational areas, and many often have exclusive arrangements with large companies. If you’re interested in the services of an agency, investigate it carefully. Determine what the agency will do for you and how much it will cost.

7. Be temporarily flexible.

Temp jobs are a great way to learn skills, gain experience, and earn money while looking for a permanent position. They are also a way to prove your worth and be first in line when a full-time position does open up. Working as a consultant or independent contractor in a company can also eventually lead to steady, full-time employment.

8. Say it clearly.

When sending out resumes, catch the prospective employer’s attention with a brief and concise cover letter / email that spells out clearly how your qualifications match the job requirements. Connect the dots for the reader, making it obvious why you’re the perfect candidate for the job.

9. Keep careful records.

Keeping track of the progress of your job search is important. Maintain a detailed record of all the jobs you have applied to, including communications, interviews, referrals, and follow-up actions. This will help you build a network of valuable contacts both for your current job search and any future ones.

Career Success Tip:

Job search is hard work and there are times when you will become discouraged. Just keep in mind that everyone has been through the same grind at one point. Keep a positive attitude about the whole process and look at your job hunt as as a business that you need to invest in. Good luck!

Marcia Zidle is a certified career strategist and leadership coach. Get your free e-Book: Career Power 101 Success Tips to build, jump start, advance or revitalize your career. If you don’t take charge of your future, who will? Find about our Career Power program.

Resources for Getting Started in Your Job Search

Using the Internet to Find a Job


For the Category of Career Development:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.


Dress for Success

A Person in a Suit Sitting on the Bench while Using a Laptop

Dress for Success

Various Perspectives on Dressing for Success

Dress
and Grooming for Success

Dress
for Success

Dress for Success
When
Job Hunting, Dress for Success

How
to Dress for Success

Advice for college students
Social Networking (Online)

Also consider
Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to This Topic

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which have posts related to this topic. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.

Library’s Career Management Blog
Library’s Coaching Blog
Library’s Human Resources Blog


For the Category of Career Development:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

Recommended Books


Career Change

Group of professionals having a discussion on career change

Career Change

This topic is about changing from your current carer to a different one. If,
instead you are interested in advancing in your current career, then see Career Advancement. If you are interested in selecting a
career, then see Career Planning.

Sections of This Topic Include

Make Career Change Work for You
Career Survival Strategies to Ride the Waves of Change
Additional Perspectives on Career Change

Also consider
Related Library Topics
Career Advancement
Career Planning and
Management
Job Banks

Personal Development

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Career Change

In addition to the articles on this current page, also see the following blogs
that have posts related to career change. Scan down the blog’s page to see various
posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of
the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.
The blog also links to numerous free related resources.

Library’s Career
Management Blog

Library’s
Coaching Blog

Library’s Human Resources
Blog


Make Career Change Work for You

© Copyright Marcia Zidle

Are you looking for more than just a better job?

Rather, you’re seeking a more rewarding profession, one that better aligns
with your skills, interests, values, and plans for the future. It will not happen
overnight. It will take reflection, planning and motivation. Here are five tips
for making the transition into a new, rewarding career.

1. First be sure of your reasons.

Just because you’re unhappy in your current job isn’t a strong
enough reason to make a total career break. Carefully analyze whether it is
your actual career you dislike or whether the problem is your employer, supervisor,
or workplace environment.

If you’re unhappy with your boss or the politics of the job, an option
is to stay with your career choice and try to find another department or division
to work in. However, after much soul searching, you truly feel you would be
happier in another career, then start looking.

2. Decide what’s important.

Take an honest inventory of your likes and dislikes, and evaluate your skills,
values, and personal interests. You may want to consider consulting a career
coach or taking a career assessment to determine what is the right career for
you. Many people who want to change careers do so to find a balance between
their personal and professional lives; to get the juices flowing again; or to
achieve a better mix of meaning, money and motivation.

3. Check your qualifications.

Do you have the necessary experience and education to be considered a qualified
candidate in another career field? If not, then find a way to bridge the credentials
gap. This might mean making your goal more long-term while you go back to school
or receive additional training.

Also, don’t expect to begin at the same level of seniority in your new
career that you held in your old one. You probably will have to take a lower
level job to gain the requisite skills and then move up the ranks. You must
realize that it’s not starting at the bottom but really starting from
a place that will give you mobility for career growth and, most importantly,
career satisfaction.

4. Look before you leap.

Be sure to examine all possibilities before attempting a career change. Do
information interviewing with people who are actually in that career field.
Test the waters to see if you would like that work by volunteering or by doing
free lance work. You can also meet with a career management professional to
guide you so that you make a wise career choice. You do not want to jump from
the frying pan (your present career) into the fire (a career that does not meet
your expectations).

5. Update your job search skills.

When was the last time you looked for a job? If it’s been 5, 10 or more
years ago, then it is especially important to polish up your job-hunting skills
and techniques before you get out there. I’ve seen too many good people
fail because they made the following mistakes:

They quickly put a resume together without focusing on what they are “selling”;
they primarily looked on line for open positions rather than networking; they
did not prepare for each interview thinking they can “wing” it;
and they felt uncomfortable in self – promotion (it’s on my resume,
why do I have to explain what I did?”)

Career Success Tip

Keep in mind that a successful career change can take several months, or longer,
to accomplish. The keys are specific plan, a lot of patience and an attitude
of perseverance.

Career Survival Strategies to Ride the
Waves of Change

© Copyright Marcia Zidle

Change is a fact of life. Don’t resist it; thrive in it!

In these days of takeovers and mergers, of downsizing operations and multiple
rightsizings, chances are you’re going to be caught up in some form of
major workplace change at least once in your career. Probably several times!

Whether it’s a new job or a new boss or a new direction, the best career
survival strategy is to respond effectively to these four stages of workplace
change.

Stage 1. Something’s Up: What To Do Before The Change

If you’re lucky, you’ll have some advance warning and time to prepare.
But most of the time, you just have an uneasy feeling. There might be lots of
hushed conversations or closed-door meetings. Top management might seem especially
busy and inaccessible. Or the rumor mill is running high.

This is not the time to stay buried behind your desk or in your office hoping
everything will be OK. Rather get out there, keep informed and start thinking
about your options for riding the waves of change.

Stage 2: Getting Acquainted: The First Couple of Months

In the first weeks of the transition, take extra care to be visible, productive
and open to change. This is not a good time to go on vacation for two weeks.
Ask yourself: Is there still career opportunity here or should I now begin looking
elsewhere more earnestly? You need to decide to put your energy into making
a go of it or starting to let go.

If you have a new boss, ask for a meeting to discuss your background, to provide
an update on your projects and to find out about the new priorities for your
team, department or division. If it’s a restructuring, understand the
reasons behind it. What is the company dealing with now, that it wasn’t
dealing with in the past? What goals is it trying to accomplish in the reorganization?
In what way can you contribute to these new goals?

What do you see on the horizon? I bet it’s change and more change!

In these days of takeovers and mergers, of downsizing operations of multiple
“rightsizings”, chances are that you are going to be caught up in
some form of major workplace change at least once in your career. Probably many
times!

Stage 3. Settled In: The Six Month Benchmark

Now that the dust has settled, it’s the time to gauge your career health.
Do I feel like an active participant or am I on the sidelines looking in? Have
I gotten reassuring comments or positive feedback? If you are in the dark, take
the risk and request a meeting with your boss to discuss your performance.

You need to be direct. Say, “I’ve been working hard to cooperate
and adjust to the changes. So how am I doing? Are there things I need to work
on to be more effective?”

You may get an indirect response such as: “You’re doing fine, keep
up the hard work”; or “Let’s set a time to discuss this further.”

However, don’t be satisfied with an evasive or avoidance answer. Performance
feedback is essential during times of organizational transition. If all the
signs are looking good, you can start breathing a sign of relief. But, don’t
let your guard down completely. The next six months are also very important.

Stage 4. A Year After: Is The Coast Clear?

By the time you’re a year or more into a major change, it’s reasonable
to wonder: Has my work life settled down at last? Has the sense of crisis passed?
If this is the case, great! You’ve come through the storms of change and
now are going on to calmer times, at least for the short term, – long
term who knows?

Or, is the atmosphere still very hectic despite many attempts to try to fix
what’s not working? Or, is everything on hold again for the nth time waiting
for someone to make the decision? Or your workload is not easing up but getting
worse? Sad to say, sometimes things never calm down especially in troubled company
or rapidly changing ones. If this is your scenario, you may decide to take a
break from the relentless change. You can try to find a calmer port within your
company or you may need to seriously consider finding a new position somewhere
else.

Career Success Tip

Taking control of one’s career sometimes means making some very hard
decisions. But once a decision is made and action is taken, then you can get
on with your life. Isn’t that what career management is all about—taking
charge of one’s destiny?

Readers, are you currently dealing with a new boss, a direction or other workplace
changes? If so, what stage are you in? How well are you doing? Let me hear your
stories.

Additional Perspectives on Career Change

The
10-Step Plan to Career Change

5
Ways to Conduct a Secret Job Search

Changing Careers in Midstream
Unconventional Midlife Career Change Tips
Career Change Do’s and Don’ts
Career Change Decision Making – Remember This Vital Piece
Sincerity
Means Everything in a Resignation Letter

How to Avoid Impossible Assignments
Changing Careers at 40: Should You Make a Midlife Career Change?
Visualize a Career Change Several Steps Ahead

Make
Career Change Work For You!

Job
Satisfaction: Is it Time to Stay or Leave?

Leave Your Job the Classy Way
Seven Keys to Switching from a Big Company to a Small One
Knowing When to Say Goodbye
Financial Considerations When Changing Jobs – Creating a Smooth
Transition Into a New Career

Tips for Negotiating an Earn-out
How to Improve Your Employment Application
How to Quit Your Job
6 Reasons You Shouldn’t Quit Without Notice
Career
Plateau: Feeling Boxed In?

Changing
Jobs: Don’t Have Buyer’s Remorse

Lateral
Moves: Will They Advance Your Career?

Watch
Out For These Seven Career Mistakes

Turning Down a Job Offer
Am I a Bad Employee or Do All My Past Bosses Stink?
Why I’m Glad I Got Fired
Career Change: Don’t Jump From the Frying Pan Into the Fire
Job Transition: Do It the Right Way
Build Your Change Muscles! Build Your Career!
Career Change: Is It the Best Move For You?
Career Change Without Leaving Your Organization
Tips For Starting a New Job
Are You About To Lose Your Job?
Moving to a New job or Company? Do It Right!


For the Category of Career Development:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may
want to review some related topics, available from the link below.
Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been
selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Related Library Topics

Recommended Books

How to Advance Your Career (and Manage Relations With Your Boss)

Two professionals having a handshake

How to Advance Your Career (and Manage Relations With Your Boss)

This topic is about advancing in the same career field. If you are interested in planning your career, see Career Planning. If you are interested in changing your career, see Career Change.

Sections of This Topic Include

Also consider
Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Career Advancement

In addition to the articles on this current page, also see the following blogs that have posts related to Career Advancement. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog. The blog also links to numerous free related resources.



New Boss: Make a Great First Impression (Career Advancement)

© Copyright Marcia Zidle

If you’re getting a new boss in your existing job, consider getting ‘hired’ all over again.

How many bosses have you had in your present job these past couple of years? I’ve asked this question in my career management and personal branding workshops. I heard everything from “my boss seems to hang on” to several who have come and gone to the unbelievable 5 new bosses in two years. Wow!
How do you deal with this phenomenon – management churn – the revolving door strategy of managers in some organizations?

Most of you who are reading this post are not at the level to change this strategy. That doesn’t mean you do nothing about your situation. A recent Harvard Business Review article suggests that you must look at each new boss with the notion of getting “hired” all over again. In other words, start making a good impression immediately. Here’s why.

Most managers feel more invested in people they’ve hired personally. They reviewed the resumes, conducted the interviews and made the ultimate decision to hire the person. They are invested in that person. They want the person to succeed so that they will “look good” to their boss.

But a new boss, who has inherited a team, needs to size up quickly each of his or her direct reports. Some people, with a new boss, keep doing what they’ve been doing waiting for the boss to tell them otherwise. But there’s another career strategy. That is, get ‘hired’ all over again by taking these three positive actions.

1. Set up a short, perhaps 20 minute, meeting with your new boss.

You can approach it as wanting to find out about her goals for the team so that you can make sure what you do is in sync with those goals. If the response is “I’m planning to do that with the whole team”, then say “great and perhaps after that meeting, we can meet to go over the specific responsibilities of my position.”

2. Think about what you want your new boss to know.

Develop a short presentation focusing on your accomplishments – the problems encountered and how you and the team handled them. If possible, pull together some samples of your work – reports, presentations, prototypes, brochures, whatever demonstrates your capabilities. Also be prepared if he or she asks you about present and future challenges for the department.

3. Treat the meeting like a job interview.

Start by saying, ‘Let me tell you about my role’. Review the presentation you prepared, highlighting your own achievements and those of your team. Don’t let this be a one-way conversation. Hopefully your boss will have questions so that you can go more in-depth about what you bring to the table. Then you ask your boss about her priorities for the department. Now start making the connection between the priorities and how you can meet them.

Career Success Tip

Somebody on the team may end up being the “go to guy or gal”. You might as well give yourself the opportunity to show that you could be that person.

Influencing Up: How to Get Them to Say Yes (Career Advancement)

© Copyright Marcia Zidle

“In my new job, I have to make a presentation to upper management. In the past I’ve gotten tongue tied and failed to get support for a project. How can I get them to take my ideas seriously?”

Take a step back for a moment. When someone doesn’t understand your ideas immediately, don’t label him or her an ignorant bureaucrat or whatever. The issue is one of influence – how to get others to see your point of view and buy into it.

Influencing Up

Whether you’re trying to get additional resources or to impact a staffing decision or to extend a deadline, it is similar to selling products or services to customers. They don’t have to buy; you have to influence them to say yes. But I’m not talking about pushing your ideas or products or services. Rather, influencing is an artful way to get people to see the value of what you’re offering and to encourage them to take action. Here’s how.

1. Put yourself in their shoes.

Think as they would when developing your proposal. Continually ask yourself: How would they view this? What would their response be? What are they most concerned about? In other words, what problems keep them awake at night that you can solve?

2. Build a foundation.

Gather facts, statistics, cases and other evidence that support your position. Then connect the dots between the “what” – your request or proposal and the “why” – how it will achieve specific goals and objectives. Don’ t assume they will make the connection. That’s your job. It is also the key to influencing up.

3. Test it out.

Asks others what is and what isn’t appealing about your ideas or suggestions. Find out if there are certain buzz words or key phrases that will get their attention. This helps you hone your presentation so that it won’t be immediately shot down or shelved. The more you’re on their wave length, the more likely you and your ideas will be taken seriously.

Career Success Tip

Influencing up, getting management to buy into your ideas and then act on them, requires personal confidence, professional credibility and skillful communication. Make sure you have all three.

Your Relationship With Your Boss – Do You Have Boss Problems?

© Copyright Marcia Zidle

Are you in this situation? You and your boss just don’t seem to connect and work well together. It isn’t that you are having knock down fights. It’s just that you know things could be better. You don’t want to look for another job. So you have to figure out how to make it work.

Here are seven guidelines for managing your boss so that your career won’t get stalled or sidetracked.

1. Know thy boss.

No two people think alike or work alike. No two bosses either. Your job is to find out her specific expectations – not to reform her, reeducate her or make her conform to what the management books recommend.

For example: Does she want me to come in once a month and spend 30 minutes presenting the plans and performance of my team? Or does she want me to come in every time to report even when there’s a slight change?

2. Don’t hide.

It’s natural to yield to the tendency to minimize interaction with people we don’t see eye to eye with. Reducing your daily contact can cause a further loss of trust and respect on both sides. And a lack of communication can foster misunderstanding, mistakes and more problems.

3. Have perspective.

If you resent working under a manager you don’t like, you might perform below your abilities. Don’t let yourself fall into that trap. It could be a career killer. Rather, try to see what possible good there is if you let go of your frustration or anger. The boss can leave, you may get transferred to a more promising area or you may find that he or she wasn’t so bad after all.

4. Don’t bad-mouth.

Handle disagreements with your boss with particular care. Let him know of your concerns and suggest other alternatives or ideas. Support your manager’s position in public as much as you can and do you best to make polices and decisions work, rather than try to subvert them.

5. Avoid war at all cost.

The painful reality is that the boss has better access to power and influence at the top. If you take on this person, chances are you will lose. Management could very well stand behind the incompetent boss to avoid having its own hiring abilities called into question.

6. Make the boss look good.

Go to him or her and ask: “What do I and my people do that helps you do your job? And what do we do that makes life more difficult for you?” You need to find out what your boss needs and what gets in the way. Also, realize it is in your self interest to make the boss successful.

7. Keep the boss in the loop.

Bosses, after all, are held responsible by their own bosses for the performance of their people. They must be able to say: “I know what Anne (or Joe) is doing.” Bosses don’t like surprises!

Numerous Resources About Career Advancement and Relationships With Bosses

Career Advancement

Relationships with Bosses


For the Category of Career Development:

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.

Writing Process: Planning, Organizing, Writing and Reviewing

Hand planning a business using a notepad

Writing Process: Planning, Organizing, Writing and Reviewing

Suggested Pre-Reading

Sections of This Topic Include

Also consider

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Business Writing

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which have posts related to Business Writing. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.


Planning and Organizing Your Writing

When people struggle to write, it is often because they did not start by planning and organizing their writing. For example, you need to consider:

  1. Who is your audience?
  2. What are your goals with that audience, that is, what key points do you want to convey to them?
  3. What kind of writing style best appeals to them?
  4. So how should you design your writing?

Consider this table:

(Contributed by Deane Gradous, Twin Cities consultant)

Type of correspondence

Letters (external)

Decision

  • Good news
  • Bad news

Persuasion

  • Networking
  • Sales
  • Requests

Memos, reports (internal)

  • Research reports
  • Status reports
  • Meeting reports
  • Trip reports
  • Progress reports
  • Procedure
  • Newsletters
  • Request for action

E-mail

Fax

Transparencies

Audience

Direction

  • Up–management
  • Down–associates
  • Across–peers
  • Out–customers

Reader analysis

  • Decision maker
  • Customer/client
  • Regulator
  • Expert/ non-expert
  • Technician
  • Operator
  • Manager

Task, relationship, and image

Purpose

Tone

  • Turn on/off
  • Connotation/ denotation

Style

  • Formal
  • Informal
  • Conversational
  • Personal
  • Impersonal

Correctness

  • Grammar
  • Spelling
  • Proofreading

Strength

  • Concision
  • Active Voice

Relationship issues

  • You” focus
  • Positive
  • Empathic
  • Inclusive
  • Problem solving
  • Collaborative

Organized for the reader

Indirect

Direct

Methods of development

  • Order of importance
  • By time
  • By space, etc.

Layouts

Headings

Data

Graphs

Illustrations

Writing for Readability

(Contributed by Deane Gradous, Twin Cities Consultant)

Make your writing visually appealing, well organized, and simple to take in and remember. Even though you write for a captive reader, do not assume that he or she will be fascinated with what you have to say.

Use headings and subheadings

Help speed recognition of what the page contains. Use headings to communicate a sense of order and conciseness. Make your communication look planned, coherent, and forthright. Order is important. Start with a statement of your purpose for writing. Add the when, who, how, and where details that you have organized into some rational order. Say what you think about the above, and end with a summary. Put endless tables of data in an appendix.

Don’t tax your reader’s power to take in information

Straight text looks formidable. The reader braces himself or herself for an ordeal–for heavy going. Because we humans have relatively limited capacities for information processing, you should present your information in bite-sized chunks, which your reader may then quickly note and take in. Keep paragraphs
short–seven lines of type at the most. The shorter, the more irresistible your paragraphs are.

Put key ideas in indented paragraphs where they will be noticed. Just as you noticed this paragraph.

Look for opportunities to use numbered or bulleted lists. Numbers designate order or hierarchy. If your word-processing program does not create bullets, you can create them by filling in lower-case o’s with a felt pen. Remember to make all the items in your lists grammatically parallel and to add no punctuation
because the list is its own punctuation.

Use white space as a foil

White space is not random nothingness. It is a tool; use it! White space is functional when it works to lift your ideas off the page and into your reader’s mind. Be concerned with the use of margins and the consistency of spacing between lines and paragraphs. A 60-character line or less will help your reader track correctly through your text. And keep white space white (clean). Eliminate visual nuisances such as fancy borders or prominent logos.

Use a style sheet

For consistency, design template files with your preferred page layouts for letters, reports, and memos. Save these settings in separate files and lock them. Some word processors have a styles feature to facilitate paragraph formatting. Style sheets save you time because you make the small but important decisions involved in formatting your written communications just once. Style sheets also help you create a consistent, professional image.

Add visual appeal

Add personality and drama to your correspondence by incorporating hand-written notations, graphic illustrations, and charts. Graphics attract. Use graphics to break up the page and to lead the reader’s eye right to where you want it — perhaps to the second and third pages of a long memo.

Checklists, sidebars, summaries, tables, graphs, hand-written notations, and cartoons will add to the visual appeal of the page. (Exception: Place series of tables and graphs in an appendix.)

Use restraint

Sparingly employ italics, boldface, underlining, upper-case type, asterisks, and changes of font or type size. Too much variety creates an impression of complexity or messiness. Eliminate noise, such as unnecessary periods at the end of items in a list and parentheses after the numbers in a list.

Highlight important text

To draw attention to important material, place a border around a short passage. See your word-processing manual for how to add 5-points of space around the type.

Formatting Your Writing

As mentioned in the previous section, formatting is a powerful way to ensure readability for your readers, especially in today’s rapid pace when many readers prefer to skim rather than to read.

Getting Started With Writing

Often, the hardest part of writing is getting started. Consider this variety of different suggestions.

Set a timer for 510 minutes, and write for the entire time. Aim to write anything that is even slightly related to your topic. It’s OK to set down your thoughts and feelings about approaching this writing task.

Ask a colleague to listen while you talk about your writing project and the ideas you plan to convey to your reader. Then go to your computer and start writing.

Take a handful of 3″ x 5″ index cards and write your ideas on them, one per card. Arrange and rearrange your cards in an order that makes sense. Add ideas as they occur to you. Then tape the cards to a large sheet of paper and fill in the details around each idea. Very often, the ideas on the cards become headings or topic sentences for paragraphs.

Begin to write anywhere in the middle of the piece. Start with the most interesting [to you!] part. Your enthusiasm may carry you into completing your writing project. Write the beginning of the piece last or whenever you are ready to do so.

Put your reader in an empty chair and talk to your reader as if he or she were sitting across the desk from you. What is your reader most interested in learning from what you are writing? After your conversation, start writing.

Listen to baroque music. Mentally explore your topic. Reread your notes. Relax, and let your subconscious take over for a few minutes. Expect an A Ha! Write quickly.

Go for a walk and consider what you want to say to the reader. Return to your computer, and start writing.

Create a Mind Map. Write your way around it.

Reviewing Your Writing

The following act ivies are often covered in the overall topic of editing.

Proofreading

This means to carefully review your writing to be sure that it conforms to the rules of proper spelling and grammar. Here are some useful articles:

Does It Meet the Goals of Your Writing?

Do you believe that your writing will achieve the goals that you specified when you first planned and organized your writing? One of the best ways to verify that is to have a few members of your intended audience to review the draft of your writing and then ask them to mention the key points that they took from the reading. Ask them how your writing might be modified to make your points even clearer.

Here’s a useful article about reviewing / editing your writing


For the Category of Communications (Business Writing):

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.


Major Types and Various Styles of Writing

A blank paper on a brown wooden table

Major Types and Various Styles of Writing

Suggested Pre-Reading

Sections of This Topic Include

Also consider

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Business Writing

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which have posts related to Business Writing. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.


Major Types of Writing

Four Main Styles

There are four main styles of writing, including:

  1. Expository – to explain something to your reader
  2. Descriptive – to describe key points or certain images to your reader
  3. Persuasive – to convince or influence your reader
  4. Narrative – to tell a story to your reader

The style that you choose depends what you want to accomplish with your audience. Thus, before writing, it is very important that you carefully plan and organize your writing before you start the writing itself. See Planning and Organizing Your Writing

Here are more descriptions of the major styles of writing.

Other Styles of Writing

Examples of additional styles include formal vs informal, concise vs detailed, commercial vs literary, and factual vs opinioned.

Various Styles of Writing

Academic Writing

Academic writing is usually about research and theories and, thus, is written in a formal structure that is concise, orderly and specific. If it is in regard to research, it can include specific references to other writing, as well as citations to specific pages or quotes in the other writings. Academic writing also conforms to certain style guides, including the American Psychological Association style guide.

Business Writing

Business writing usually includes proposals, memorandums and email, as can also include various sales publications, such as brochures and catalogs.

Creative Writing

Creative writing is intended to express the original thoughts of the writer. Examples are poems, plays, songs and personal essays.

Scientific Writing

Scientific writing is a highly technical form of technical writing that is intended primarily for other scientists. It is very similar to academic writing and those types are sometimes used interchangeably. However, scientific writing is primarily focused on research and experimental terms, such as hypothesis,
methodology, findings, recommendations for further research. There are often numerous references and citations in scientific writing.

Technical Writing

Technical writing is usually in regard to planning, developing, providing, maintaining and fixing technical equipment. Examples include schematics, instruction manuals, help files and procedures.


For the Category of Communications (Business Writing):

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.


Types of Correspondence

Someone sending a business correspondence on a laptop

Types of Correspondence

There is a vast array of types of correspondence. The following are those that are most typical in life and work.

This file is associated with How to Improve Your Writing: Guidelines and Resources.


For the Category of Communications (Business Writing):

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.


The Universe of Writing Concerns

Young professional writing on a note while sitting on a sofa

The Universe of Writing Concerns

Also consider
Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blog Related to This Topic

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blog which have posts related to this topic. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.

Library’s Communications Blog


For the Category of Communications (Business Writing):

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.


Improving Your Writing: Guidelines and Resources

Follow the rules

Improving Your Writing: Guidelines and Resources

Sections of This Topic Include

Building Blocks of Composition

  • Spelling
  • Grammar
  • Vocabulary

Writing Process

  • Planning
  • Starting Your Writing
  • Designing the Page
  • Writing

Styles and Types of Writing

  • Styles of Writing
  • Types of Writing
  • Types of Correspondence
  • Special Topics
  • General Resources

Also consider

Related Library Topics

Learn More in the Library’s Blogs Related to Business Writing

In addition to the articles on this current page, see the following blogs which have posts related to Business Writing. Scan down the blog’s page to see various posts. Also see the section “Recent Blog Posts” in the sidebar of the blog or click on “next” near the bottom of a post in the blog.

Library’s Communications Blog


General Resources and Advice


For the Category of Communications (Business Writing):

To round out your knowledge of this Library topic, you may want to review some related topics, available from the link below. Each of the related topics includes free, online resources.

Also, scan the Recommended Books listed below. They have been selected for their relevance and highly practical nature.